The recurrence coefficients of the oscillatory Gegenbauer weight (1-x²)^(λ-1/2)e^(iζ x): the closed-form conjecture of Lyu and Zhou certified for βₙ to n=13 and αₙ to n=12, and the degree conjecture of Milovanović, Cvetković and Marjanović for n ≤ 16
Abstract
For λ>-1/2 rational and ζ a nonzero zero of the Bessel function J_(λ-1), the monic orthogonal polynomials for the weight (1-x²)^(λ-1/2)e^(iζ x) on [-1,1] satisfy xPₙ=Pₙ₊₁+iαₙPₙ+βₙPₙ₋₁. Lyu and Zhou (arXiv:2607.19797) derive a first-order coupled system of difference equations for (αₙ,βₙ), iterate it to n ≤ 9, and conjecture closed forms in terms of monic auxiliary polynomials Xⱼ(ζ²) of degree j; the degree pattern ⌊ n²/4⌋ for the underlying Hankel determinant is a 2008 conjecture of Milovanović, Cvetković and Marjanović, who printed coefficients for n ≤ 2 only. We observe that the system is a rational recursion over ℚ(λ,ζ) — the Bessel factor common to all moments cancels, and β₀, the only place it could enter, is never read — so that the conjecture is a finite question at each n. Its four displayed formulas collapse to two, and substituting these into the source's own two compatibility conditions yields two bilinear polynomial identities in the Xⱼ alone. Certifying those identities in exact integer arithmetic with λ symbolic, one of them to n=15 and the other to n=12, and composing with the source's derivation of its system and with the uniqueness of its solution, we prove that every solution of the source's Theorem 2.2 has αₙ for n ≤ 12 and βₙ for 1 ≤ n ≤ 13 equal to the conjectured closed forms, with explicit monic Xⱼ of the conjectured degrees — against n ≤ 9 in the source and n ≤ 2 in 2008. Every Xⱼ occurring for n ≤ 16 is certified monic of degree exactly j, which is the 2008 degree conjecture on that range. We also observe that the source's two leading-coefficient conjectures are a single formula Hₙ=(-1)^(n(n-1)/2)γₙX_(⌊ n²/4⌋) (verified for n ≤ 12 at three values of λ, not formalised), and we correct a misprint in the 2008 paper. No closed form in n for the Xⱼ themselves is found, and we say why none should be expected. Every certified statement is verified in Lean 4 against Mathlib.
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Claim ledger
Stated results
OJ1known data2026-09-07
Compute-first gate: an independent implementation of arXiv:2607.19797v1 (2.9)-(2.10) with its initial values (2.11), run in exact rational-function arithmetic over Q(lambda,zeta), reproduces its Table 1 (alpha₀..alpha₈, beta₁..beta₉) and every polynomial of its Appendix 'symbols'(1) – X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₈, X₉ with their printed normalisations 2X₃, 4X₄, 8X₅, 8X₆, 16X₈, 16X₉ – and MCM 2008's Table 1 (alpha₀, alpha₁, alpha₂, beta₁, beta₂).
OJ2routine2026-09-07
Normal form of the conjecture, and the bilinear system it satisfies. With dₙ = floor(n²/4), Eₙ = X_(dₙ), Fₙ = X_(dₙ-1), cₙ = 1 (n odd) / -n(2*lambda+n-1) (n even), eₙ = (n/2)(2*lambda+n-1) (n even) / ((n-1)/4)(2*lambda+n) (n odd), the four displayed formulas of the conjecture collapse to betaₙ = cₙ Eₙ₋₁Eₙ₊₁/(zeta² Eₙ²) and alphaₙ = 2(lambda+n)/zeta + zeta(Rₙ - Rₙ₊₁) with Rₙ = eₙ Fₙ/Eₙ; substituting these into the source's own compatibility conditions (S₁) and (S₂') gives two polynomial identities in the Xⱼ alone (BilA, BilB), with no alpha, no beta and no divisions.
OJ3known data2026-09-07
The conjecture of arXiv:2607.19797v1 machine-checked over Z[lambda][zeta²] on the range the source itself iterated: BilB for 1 <= n <= 9 and BilA for 1 <= n <= 9, hence alphaₙ and betaₙ in the conjectured closed form for n <= 9.
OJ4candidate2026-09-07
The conjecture of arXiv:2607.19797v1 machine-checked past the source's range, and composed into one theorem (Final.closed_form): the cleared (S₂') is certified for 1 <= n <= 15 and the cleared (S₁) for 1 <= n <= 12, whence – through the data-free Algebra.lean and Unique.lean – every solution of the source's Theorem 2.1 (its (2.9), (2.10) for 1 <= n <= 11 and its four initial values (2.11)) has alphaₙ for n <= 12 and betaₙ for 1 <= n <= 13 equal to the conjectured closed forms built from the certified monic tables, with lambda symbolic. beta₀ is not claimed: the source leaves it arbitrary.
OJ5candidate2026-09-07
MCM 2008's degree conjecture, machine-checked: for every 0 <= n <= 16 the certified table X_(floor(n²/4)) is monic of degree exactly floor(n²/4) in zeta² and X_(floor(n²/4)-1) is monic of degree exactly floor(n²/4)-1, so the Hankel determinant Hₙ = det(Pˡambdaᵢ₊ⱼ) has degree floor(n²/4) in zeta² for n <= 16.
OJ6prose2026-09-07
THEOREM (verified, not formalized): the two leading-coefficient conjectures of arXiv:2607.19797v1 (its S_(k²) and S_(k(k+1)) products) are one formula, Hₙ = (-1)^(n(n-1)/2) gammaₙ X_(floor(n²/4)) with gammaₙ = prodₘ₌₁ⁿ⁻¹ cₘⁿ⁻ᵐ; verified directly for 1 <= n <= 12 at lambda = 1/3, 7/2, 5 by building MCM's Pˡambdaₖ from its own four-term recurrence, forming Hₙ = det(Pˡambdaᵢ₊ⱼ), and comparing with the X computed from arXiv:2607.19797v1 (2.9)-(2.10).
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.OJ7correction2026-09-07
MCM 2008 p. 53 prints alpha₂ₖ = V_(k(2k+1))(zeta²)/(zeta S_(k²)(zeta²) S_(k(k+1))(zeta²)²); the exponent 2 is wrong and the denominator is zeta S_(k²) S_(k(k+1)). Settled at k = 1 from MCM's own data: V₃ * A2den = zeta * S₁ * S₂ * A2num holds identically, while the squared version fails already at (lambda, zeta) = (1, 3), the discrepancy being exactly the extra factor S₂.
OJ8routine2026-09-07
Controls: every certified table is nonzero; moving one coefficient of X_(d₆) by a single unit destroys the certified (S₂') at n = 5; the n = 5 left side does not match the n = 4 right side; shifting the whole (S₁) certificate at n = 5 by one unit destroys it; the length of the table for X_(d₆) is exactly d₆ + 1 and neither d₆ nor d₆ + 2.
OJ9routine2026-09-07
Data-free layer: (S₁) at n and at n+1 give arXiv:2607.19797v1 (2.10); (S₁) at n and (S₂') at n+1 give its (2.9); and two solutions of a system of that shape sharing alpha₀, alpha₁, beta₁, beta₂ agree on alpha up to index N+1 and on beta from index 1 to N+2 – beta₀ is not claimed equal, matching the source's 'Note that beta₀ can be arbitrary.'
Provenance
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- Machina Mathematica
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- Korea Superintelligence Labs
- Source context
- Sources. *Recurrence Coefficients of the Orthogonal Polynomials for Oscillatory Jacobi-type Weight Functions*, arXiv:2607.19797 v1 (submitted 22 Jul 2026, single version on 2026-09-07; primary math-ph), here LZ; and G. V. Milovanović, A. S. Cvetković, Z. M. Marjanović, *Orthogonal polynomials for the oscillatory-Gegenbauer weight*, Publ. Inst. Math. (Beograd) (N.S.) 84(98) (2008), 49–60, DOI 10.2298/PIM0898049M, here MCM — the oldest paper that states the conjecture, downloaded and read here in full (bandit-policy addendum 55). All equa
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