The attainable numbers of tiles in O_N-tile decompositions
Abstract
A tile of a box C=ℤ_(d₁) × … × ℤ_(d_N) is a product R₁ × … × R_N of nonempty, not necessarily consecutive, subsets Rᵢ ⊆ ℤ_(dᵢ). Han, Zhang, Shi and Zhang call a partition C=bigsqcupⱼ₌₁ˢtⱼ into tiles with s ≥ 3 an O_N-tile decomposition when no union bigsqcup_(j ∈ J)tⱼ with 1<|J|<s is again a tile, and show that each such decomposition produces an unextendible product basis of size ∏ᵢ dᵢ-s+1. They ask which values of s occur for a given C. We answer this in full for two boxes and up to one value for a third: the attainable set is {5,6,…,15} for ℤ₃ × ℤ₃ × ℤ₃, it is {5,…,10} for ℤ₂ × ℤ₃ × ℤ₃, and for ℤ₃ × ℤ₃ × ℤ₄ it is {5,…,20} apart from the single undecided value s=21. The upper ends rest on a counting inequality valid for every box, which comes from the observation that two tiles of a decomposition can never agree in all but one coordinate; it gives α s ≤ λ∏ᵢ dᵢ+Σ_q∏_(j ≠ q)dⱼ and yields the ceilings 16, 11, 21, 25, 27, 34 at the first six boxes considered here. The small values s=3,4 and the boundary values left open by the inequality are settled by exhaustive searches whose completeness is proved rather than assumed. We show in addition, by an argument with no finite input at all, that no box, of any shape and any number of factors, admits a decomposition with exactly three tiles; and we answer the question in full at three further boxes: the attainable set is {5} for ℤ₂ × ℤ₂ × ℤ₂, it is {5,6,7} for ℤ₂ × ℤ₂ × ℤ₃, and it is {5,7,8,9} for the four-qubit box ℤ₂⁴ — the first attainable set met here that is not an interval. Weighting the counting inequality for an all-qubit box gives the ceilings 23, 46 and 93 on ℤ₂⁵, ℤ₂⁶ and ℤ₂⁷, in each case stronger than what the tile-to-UPB theorem yields when composed with the known minimum size of a qubit unextendible product basis. Every theorem below is machine-checked in Lean 4; the few statements that are not are marked where they appear.
Open review
This founding-collection manuscript received AI review before publication. Independent human review is open. Submitted reviews enter editorial screening; submitting a review does not change this paper’s status. Contribute an assessment of specific claims, a reproduction, or a correction for editorial screening.
Archived files
- Version 2 · current (opens in a new tab)
Source snapshot 2026-08-30 15:34 UTC
File fingerprint
96cff21d7d7d32fe1e64470ee2d8f4f88a416aa610d2f9c1b24db7fab3fde4b5
Claim ledger
Stated results
ot-1known data2026-08-23
The source's eleven printed O₃-tile decompositions of Z₃³ (s = 5..15) all check against the source's own definition
ot-2routine2026-08-23
The bitmask model is the source's: formsTile S holds exactly when S is the cell set of a tile, and allTiles is all 343 tile codes
ot-3candidate2026-08-23
Z₃ x Z₃ x Z₃ admits no O₃-tile decomposition with exactly 3 tiles, and none with exactly 4
ot-4routine2026-08-23
Every clause of the source's definition is refutable, and the sub-union quantifier is strictly stronger than its |J| = 2 instances
ot-5candidate2026-08-23
External, not certified in Lean: the attainable spectrum for Z₃ x Z₃ x Z₃ is exactly 5,...,15, with 5 064 336 decompositions in total; after ot-3 and ot-7 the only cell this row is load-bearing for is s = 16
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-6routine2026-08-23
No two tiles of an O₃-tile decomposition merge, hence no two agree in two of their three factor sets
ot-7candidate2026-08-23
Z₃ x Z₃ x Z₃ admits no O₃-tile decomposition with 17 or more tiles; and one with exactly 16 would consist of five single cells and eleven dominoes
ot-8candidate2026-08-23
Z₃ × Z₃ × Z₃ admits no O₃-tile decomposition with exactly 16 tiles
ot-9candidate2026-08-23
The attainable numbers of tiles for Z₃ × Z₃ × Z₃ are exactly 5,6,…,15 — the source's Problem 2, answered
ot-10routine2026-08-23
Controls on the s = 16 search: it does not close for a degenerate reason, and it reproduces the external enumeration's own leaf count
ot-11routine2026-08-23
The source's definitions over a general box Z_(d₁)×⋯×Z_(d_N), and the proof that at [3,3,3] they are the landed 3-cube model
ot-12routine2026-08-23
The counting bound α·s ≤ λ·∏dᵢ + ∑_q ∏_(j≠q) dⱼ for a general box, with the merge lemma it rests on
ot-13candidate2026-08-23
Z₂×Z₃×Z₃ admits no O₃-tile decomposition with 3 or 4 tiles, and none with 12 or more; an 11-tile one would have every tile of at most three cells
ot-16routine2026-08-23
Controls: every clause of def:ON-tile is refutable at Z₂×Z₃×Z₃, and the | J | =2 relaxation is strictly weaker even at the value the counting bound leaves open
ot-14known data2026-08-23
The authors' own decompositions for Z₂×Z₃×Z₃ (s=5..10) and for [3,3,4], [3,3,5], [3,4,4], [2,3,3,3] (s=5..16) all check against the source's own definition
ot-15candidate2026-08-23
Upper bounds for the four larger boxes: s ≤ 21 on Z₃×Z₃×Z₄, s ≤ 25 on Z₃×Z₃×Z₅, s ≤ 27 on Z₃×Z₄×Z₄, s ≤ 34 on the quadripartite Z₂×Z₃×Z₃×Z₃
ot-18candidate2026-08-23
s = 3 is not attainable on any of Z₃×Z₃×Z₄, Z₃×Z₃×Z₅, Z₃×Z₄×Z₄, Z₂×Z₃×Z₃×Z₃, and s = 4 is not attainable on Z₃×Z₃×Z₄
ot-17candidate2026-08-23
External, not certified in Lean: the attainable spectrum is exactly 5,…,10 for Z₂×Z₃×Z₃ and exactly 5,…,20 for Z₃×Z₃×Z₄; s = 25 is unattainable on Z₃×Z₃×Z₅ and s = 27 on Z₃×Z₄×Z₄
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-19routine2026-08-23
The leaf test: Definition def:ON-tile's 2ˢ quantifier replaced by a scan of the tile alphabet, for a general box Z_(d₁)×⋯×Z_(d_N)
ot-20routine2026-08-23
The sound depth-first search over an arbitrary box: Sixteen.lean's go/goₛound with the box, the tables and the budgets all free
ot-21candidate2026-08-23
Z₂×Z₃×Z₃ admits no O₃-tile decomposition with eleven tiles, so the attainable set is exactly 5,…,10
ot-22known data2026-08-23
Every witness the authors' SAT archive contains for [3,3,4], [3,3,5], [3,4,4] and [2,3,3,3] — s up to 20, 23, 24 and 30 — certified against the source's own definition
ot-23candidate2026-08-23
Z₃×Z₃×Z₄ is decided at every number of tiles but one: s ∈ 5,…,20 iff attainable, for every s ≠ 21
ot-24routine2026-08-23
Controls: the leaf test rejects what the definition rejects even where no pair merges, and the s = 11 search is not closing for a degenerate reason
ot-25routine2026-08-30
The cell-mask encoding at the bit level: testBitₛpread and the cellsOf calculus (&&&, one-coordinate |||, monotonicity, the full code) for an arbitrary box, kernel-clean
ot-26routine2026-08-30
The merge sweep is a theorem at every box: mergeSweepₜrue, hence tiles_disagree_gen kernel-clean everywhere
ot-27candidate2026-08-30
s = 3 is unattainable at every box Z_(d₁) × ⋯ × Z_(d_N) — no_decompₜhree_gen / threeₙotₐttainable, no search, no native axiom
ot-28known data2026-08-30
Z₂ × Z₂ × Z₂ answered in full: the attainable numbers of tiles are exactly 5 — attainable₂22ᵢff, with zero native axioms (s=4 by decide +kernel)
ot-29routine2026-08-30
Controls for the general theorem: a genuine 3-tile partition rejected only by the sub-union clause (with the predicted J = 2,3 merge exhibited), instantiations at Z₂¹⁰⁰ and Z_(10⁶) × Z_(10⁶), and the landed [3,3,4] sweep re-proved as an instance
ot-31candidate2026-08-30
Z₂ × Z₂ × Z₃ answered in full: the attainable numbers of tiles are exactly 5, 6, 7 — attainable₂23ᵢff, one native axiom (the s = 4 sweep); s = 8 decided for the first time, in the kernel
ot-32routine2026-08-30
Controls on the s = 8 search: without the prune it reaches the census's 1 149 four-singles-four-dominoes covers; with the seven-tile budget it reaches the census's 24 seven-tile decompositions
ot-30prose2026-08-30
s = 4 is unattainable at every bipartite box Zₘ × Zₙ; with ot-27 and s = 5 attained at [3,3], the minimum bipartite O₂-tile count is exactly 5
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-33known data2026-08-30
Z₂⁴ answered in full: the attainable numbers of tiles are exactly 5, 7, 8, 9 – attainable₂222ᵢff, the family's first spectrum with a hole; one native axiom (the s = 4 sweep), the three new negative cells kernel-clean
ot-34routine2026-08-30
Controls at Z₂⁴: a six-tile tile partition with no mergeable pair whose smallest violating index set has |J| = 5, and four goCount runs that reproduce the independent census exactly
ot-35known2026-08-30
The counting bound at the all-qubit boxes run at (alpha, lambda) = (2N-1, N-1): s <= 23 on Z₂⁵, s <= 46 on Z₂⁶, s <= 93 on Z₂⁷ – strictly better than the UPB-shadow bound 2^N + 1 - f(N) = 27, 57, 121
ot-36known2026-08-30
At every all-qubit box Z₂^N, (2N-1)*s <= 2^(N-1)(3N-2), and this is the best bound BoundGen's two statistics can give there
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-37prose2026-08-30
The UPB-shadow bound s <= 2^N + 1 - f(N) at all-qubit boxes, with its two citations – and the correction that it is weaker than BoundGen from N = 5 on
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-38routine2026-09-02
Padding: prepending a full Z_d factor to every tile of an O_N-tile decomposition of C gives one of Z_d × C, so the attainable set is monotone under adding coordinates — at every box, dims and d free
ot-39known data2026-09-02
Z₂⁵ decided in Lean at every number of tiles except s = 21, 22: the attainable values are 5 and 7,…,20
ot-40routine2026-09-02
Controls at Z₂⁵: a six-tile tile partition with no mergeable pair, and goCount runs that reproduce the independent census exactly
ot-41known data2026-09-02
External, not certified in Lean: the labelled Z₂⁵ census — 12 453 120 O₅-tile decompositions, 80 at s = 5, none at s = 6, 2 880, 1 000, 47 280, …, 3 840 at s = 7,…,20, none at s = 21, 22, 23; and the maximum-size one is unique up to isomorphism
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.ot-42correction2026-09-02
Erratum: at an all-qubit box — and only there — the source's O_N-tile decompositions are exactly the irreducible subcube partitions of 0,1^N, so ot-35's "no such upper bound appears anywhere" is false, its bound is superseded, and the s = 4, 6 gaps are published
This ledger entry is reported in prose and is not bound to a Lean theorem.Provenance
- Generated by
- Machina Mathematica
- Released by
- Korea Superintelligence Labs
- Source context
- Problem 2 (Proₜileₛize) of Han–Zhang–Shi–Zhang, *Automated Construction and Verification of Unextendible Product Bases*, arXiv:2608.01438 (2026-08-02), verbatim from the paper's LaTeX source:
- Snapshot
- 2026-09-07 03:53 UTC
- Ledger commit
801848d7